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QUESTION
Purpose
This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcomes (COs).
- CO 3: Identify ethical issues common to research involving human subjects. (PO 6)
- CO 5: Recognize the role of research findings in evidence-based practice. (POs 7 & 8)
Due Date
- During the assigned week (Sunday the start of the assigned week through Sunday the end of the assigned week):
- Posts in the discussion at least two times, and
- Posts in the discussion on two different days
Directions
- Discussions are designed to promote dialogue between faculty and students, and students and their peers. In discussions students:
- Demonstrate understanding of concepts for the week
- Integrate outside scholarly sources when required
- Engage in meaningful dialogue with classmates and/or instructor
- Express opinions clearly and logically, in a professional manner
- Use the rubric on this page as you compose your answers.
- Best Practices include:
- Participation early in the week is encouraged to stimulate meaningful discussion among classmates and instructor.
- Enter the discussion often during the week to read and learn from posts.
- Select different classmates for your reply each week.
Discussion Questions
We begin our journey into discovering the new world of research and evidence-based practice (EBP) by exploring our past. After completing the required readings and lesson, answer the following:
- Explain how research has evolved since the Florence Nightingale era.
- Discuss how research and EBP are different; include how you believe research supports EBP for nursing.
- Describe one past/historical unethical breach of research conduct; then, share how you would ensure care of a study participant using one ethical or legal research consideration (guideline/principle).
ANSWER
Introduction to Evidence-based Practice
Research Evolution
During Nightingale’s era, research mainly focused on nursing education and how to organize nursing work. In the 1980s, nursing research shifted its focus to patients and the interplay between patient behaviour and illness recovery using qualitative research methods such as ethnography and phenomenology. In the 1990s, nursing experienced a clinical revolution marked by scientific, technological, medical, and societal advances (Stolley et al., 2019). These advances changed the face of nursing research.
To explore complex human phenomena, nurses became more interested in multiple inquiry modes, such as quantitative experimental and quasi-experimental designs (Stolley et al., 2019). Nursing researchers began to incorporate interdisciplinary study to redefine practice problems, eliminate knowledge gaps, and explore outcomes of nursing interventions. Nursing research today focuses on incorporating research findings in practice to improve healthcare outcomes.
Research and EBP
Research focuses on creating new knowledge, resolving questions and dilemmas, and validating existing information. In contrast, EBP goes beyond research: it involves applying the best available evidence to support decision-making and clinical practice. Research generates evidence that supports EBP practice, i.e., EBP is grounded on the conclusions or knowledge derived from the research process.
Past Unethical Research Conduct:
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment did not obtain informed consent from the participants and withheld treatment from the subjects (CDC, 2021). Also, the researchers recruited the participants through deception: they made misleading promises of free treatment.
The nonmaleficence ethical principle implores researchers not to harm, intentionally cause pain or suffering, or deprive others of the goods of life (Varkey, 2021). I will uphold this principle by ensuring a research ethics committee or review board is in place to oversee the research process. Having this committee is particularly important in decisions involving withholding life-sustaining treatment. It will develop protocols to monitor adverse events throughout the trial, weigh the treatment’s benefits against risks, and choose the best course of action. This committee will promote the nonmaleficence principle by providing ethical oversight over the experiment and ensuring research subjects are not exploited or abused by researchers.
References
CDC. (2021, April 22). Tuskegee Study – Frequently Asked Questions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/faq.htm
Stolley, J. M., Buckwalter, K. C., & Garand, L. (2019). The Evolution of Nursing Research. Journal of the Neuromusculoskeletal System, 8(1), 10–15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6739074/
Varkey, B. (2021). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119
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