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Annotated Bibliography
- Topic: Features of chlorpyrifos
Research question: What are the chemical and physical features of chlorpyrifos?
Reference:
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Chlorpyrifos, CID=2730, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorpyrifos (accessed on Oct. 2, 2019) pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chlorpyrifos#section=Decomposition
Summary
The source describes the physical and chemical composition of chlorpyrifos. The information will be used in the introduction part of my research proposal for defining chlorpyrifos.
- Topic: Impact of Chlorpyrifos on the pH of the Soil.
Research question: How does Chlorpyrifos affect soil activity?
Reference:
Ewa Jastrzębska. 2011. “The Effect of chlorpyrifos and diflubenzuron on the enzymatic activity of soil”. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 20 no. 4 : 903-910. www.pjoes.com/The-Effect-of-Chlorpyrifos-and-Teflubenzuron-r-non-the-Enzymatic-Activity-of-Soil,88632,0,2.html
Summary:
Jastrzębska (2011) evaluates the changes in soil quality by analyzing soil enzyme activity after the application of Chlorpyrifos and Diflubenzuron based insecticides. The results indicate that compared to the Diflubenzuron, Chlorpyrifos decreases microbial activity while reducing soil enzyme activity. The article supports my argument on the adverse effects of Chlorpyrifos on the pH of the soil and hence can be used in the discussion of the research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of Chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does chlorpyrifos have an impact on the soil’s pH and nutrient availability?
Reference:
Joko, Tri, Sutrisno Anggoro, Henna Rya Sunoko, and Savitri Rachmawati. 2018. “Identification of soil properties and organophosphate residues from agricultural land in Wanasari Sub-District, Brebes, Indonesia.” In E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 31, p. 06010. EDP Sciences. www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2018/06/e3sconf_icenis2018_06010/e3sconf_icenis2018_06010.html
Summary:
Joko et al. (2018) conduct a study on the persistence of organophosphates that are conventionally found in Chlorpyrifos and their consequential effects on soil texture, pH and permeability. The results indicate that organophosphate residues have an impact on soil fertility. The study also offers a frame that I could use to conduct my experiment in the methodology part of my research proposal and also in the discussion.
- Topic:Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does chlorpyrifos affect soil microbial activity?
Reference:
Walia, Abhishek, K. Sumal, and S. Kumari. 2018. “Effect of chlorpyrifos and malathion on soil microbial population and enzyme activity.” Acta Scientific Microbiology 1, no. 4 : 14-22. www.actascientific.com/ASMI/pdf/ASMI-01-0033.pdf
Summary:
Walia et al. (2018) look at the effects of prolonged use of Malathion and chlorpyrifos on soil environment particularly soil microflora and several physicochemical properties of the soil at different concentrations. The study finds that at higher concentrations, chlorpyrifos adversely affects microbial action in the soil. The research will be used in the discussion of my proposal to show how microbial action and soil acidity are related to the effects of chlorpyrifos.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does chlorpyrifos affect microbial diversity?
Reference:
Supreeth, M., Chandrashekar, M.A., Sachin, N. et al. 2016. 3 Biotech. 6: 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0462-2
Summary:
Supreeth et al. (2016) have conducted an analysis on the effects of Chlorpyrifos on the microbial population using the cultivatable method for 1, 7 and 14 days. The study found out that there was a decrease in the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU), particularly in regards to bacteria and fungi. The study confirms that there is a relationship between the use of Chlorpyrifos and the deteriorating soil quality. This comparative study can be used as a basis for developing samples for the test experiment in the methodology of my research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on groundwater
Research question: How long does it take for chlorpyrifos to affect the soil?
Reference:
Adeoye, Peter Aderemi, Sani Kazaure Abubakar, Adesiji Richard Adeolu, Ashraf A. Abd El-Mohsen, M. M. Sabbour, Ali Farhadi, Reza Hamidi, and Hadi Pirasteh-Anosheh. 2013. “Effect of agrochemicals on groundwater quality: A review.” Scientia 1, no. 1 : 1-7. http://pscipub.com/Journals/Data/JList/Scientia%20Agriculturae/2013/Volume%201/Issue%201/1.pdf
Summary:
Adeoye et al. (2013) analyze the previous research on various agrochemicals in use today and their respective impact on the environment over the last 30 years. The study finds that there is a direct link between the crop uptake of these chemicals and their interaction with the soil before they leach and pollute groundwater over an extended period. The source will be used to support my hypothesis and determine if 14 years would be a reasonable time for taking samples. The information will be included in the methodology part of my proposal.
- Topic:Impact of chlorpyrifos on groundwater
Research question: Does chlorpyrifos move within the soil to reach groundwater?
Reference:
Pérez-Lucas, Gabriel, Nuria Vela, Abderrazak El Aatik, and Simón Navarro. 2018. “Environmental risk of groundwater pollution by pesticide leaching through the soil profile.” In Pesticides, Anthropogenic Activities and the Health of our Environment. IntechOpen. www.intechopen.com/online-first/environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile
Summary:
Pérez-Lucas et al. (2018) describe the processes through which pesticides move within the soil to eventually reach groundwater. These methods include volatilization, diffusion, adsorption, erosion, leaching, and run-off. The information will be used in the discussion of my research proposal to classify how chlorpyrifos moves to groundwater according to the type and structure of the soil.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on groundwater acidity
Research question: Does chlorpyrifos affect drinking water?
Reference:
Arain, Maryam, Khan Muhammad Brohi, Azizullah Channa, Rafi O. Zaman Brohi, Sarmad Mushtaque, Kundan Kumar, and Abdul Samuee. 2018. “Analysis of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in surface water, ground water, and vegetables through gas chromatography.” Journal of International Environmental Application and Science 13, no. 3: 167-173. www.dergipark.org.tr/jieas/issue/39948/454015
Summary:
Arain et al. (2018) survey the concentration levels of Chlorpyrifos organophosphorus in surface water and groundwater on various plots of land. Using Gas-Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), the study establishes that the residual MRLs on some samples are high, therefore, pausing a threat to the drinking water. The study offers a guideline on how to conduct an analysis, especially on the use of GC-FID. This information will be used in the methodology of my research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on groundwater
Research question: How safe is water in areas where chlorpyrifos is used predominantly?
Reference:
Shakerkhatibi, Mohammad, Mohammad Mosaferi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Ehtesham Lotfi, and Mehdi Belvasi. 2014. “Pesticides residue in drinking groundwater resources of rural areas in the northwest of Iran.” Health promotion perspectives 4, no. 2 : 195. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300446/
Summary:
Shakerkhatibi et al. (2014) have conducted a quantitative analysis of the effects of pesticides in groundwater, a topic that raises global concerns. The study has found out the Maximum Residue Level (MRLs) in water that is collected from that areas mainly use chlorpyrifos. The study can be used in the discussion of the research proposal to support my argument on the possible adverse effect of chlorpyrifos.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on groundwater
Research question: How does chlorpyrifos affect the groundwater?
Reference:
McKnight, Ursula S., Jes J. Rasmussen, Brian Kronvang, Philip J. Binning, and Poul L. Bjerg. 2015. “Sources, occurrence and predicted the aquatic impact of legacy and contemporary pesticides in streams.” Environmental Pollution 200: 64-76. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749115000834
Summary:
McKnight et al. (2015) compare the findings regarding the effects of the prolonged use of pesticides on surface and groundwater. The results indicate that extended use of insecticides primarily causes ecotoxicity in groundwater which consequently affects adjoining streams. The inferences will give insight into the effects of chlorpyrifos on drinking water when the idea is included in the literature part of my proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does the chlorpyrifos transformation affect soil microorganisms?
Reference:
Supreeth, M., and N. S. Raju. 2017. “Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan by bacteria and fungi.” Applied microbiology and biotechnology 101, no. 15): 5961-5971. www.link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-017-8401-7
Summary:
Supreeth et al. (2017) look at how various soil fungi and bacteria are affected by the transformed Chlorpyrifos metabolites. The biodegradation studies indicate that there is some level of toxicity resulting from the after-effects of the transformed metabolites. The analysis will help identify the most toxic chlorpyrifos metabolites and their potential effects on soil quality and acidity. This data will be incorporated in the discussion of my research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How are chlorpyrifos adsorbed in the soil?
Reference:
Gebremariam, Seyoum Yami, Marc W. Beutel, David R. Yonge, Markus Flury, and James B. Harsh. 2012. “Adsorption and desorption of chlorpyrifos to soils and sediments.” In Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, pp. 123-175. Springer, New York, NY. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1463-6_3
Summary:
Gebremariam et al. (2012) examine the literature regarding the factors that lead to ecotoxicity in respect to chlorpyrifos adsorption in different soil compositions. The information indicates that adsorption increases or reduces chlorpyrifos mobility in accordance with the soil matter or composition. The review offers a structure on which I can base my research on the effects of chlorpyrifos in different soil compositions. The topic will appear in the methodology and discussion parts of my proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: What are the effects of soil acidity?
Reference:
Sullivan, Tarah S., Victoria P. Barth, and Ricky W. Lewis. 2017. “Soil acidity impacts beneficial soil microorganisms.” https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/handle/2376/7301
Summary
Sullivan et al. (2017) look at the benefits of microbial populations in the soil. The source notes most of the microscopic soil organism that are useful in terms of soil quality. The article will be used to describe how soil acidity is harmful to soil health in the discussion part of my research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How long does the degradation of chlorpyrifos take?
Reference:
Hui, Tay Joo, Marinah Mohd Ariffin, and Norhayati Mohd Tahir. 2010. “Hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos in aqueous solutions at different temperatures and pH.” Malays J Anal Sci 14 : 50-54. www.ukm.my/mjas/v14_n2/Norhayati.pdf
Summary:
Hui et al. (2010) examine the effects of temperature on the hydrolysis and degradation of chlorpyrifos. The studies indicate that there is an inherent relationship between temperature and acidity and the time it takes for the degradation of chlorpyrifos to occur. The source can be used in the methodology of my research proposal.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: What are the effects of chlorpyrifos on surface water and groundwater compared to other organophosphates?
Reference:
Lari, Summaiya Z., Noor A. Khan, Kavita N. Gandhi, Tejal S. Meshram, and Neeta P. Thacker. 2014. “Comparison of pesticide residues in surface water and groundwater of agriculture intensive areas.” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 : 11. https://jehse.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2052-336X-12-11
Summary:
The source examines the potential risks in the prolonged use of organophosphates and organochlorides on surface water and groundwater using the USEPA 8081 B method and GC-MS. The results indicate that organophosphates level exceeds the EU recommendation of a limit of 1.0 μg/L. The report will be used in the literature review of my research proposal to describe the potential effects of chlorpyrifos on water.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does temperature affect the dissipation of chlorpyrifos?
Reference:
Perez, E. H., M. I. Paez, and A. Figueroa. 2013. “Effect of Humidity and Temperature on Dissipation of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Andic Soils, Cauca, Colombia.” Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 16.
Summary
Pere et al. (2013) look at the dissipation of chlorpyrifos under varying temperatures and humidity. The research indicates that chlorpyrifos dissipates at varying rates when subjected to different humidity and temperature. This information will be useful in the methodology part of my research proposal, particularly when setting up the experiments.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How long does chlorpyrifos take to degrade?
Reference:
Gilani, S. T. S., M. Ageen, H. Shah, and S. Raza. 2010. “Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil and its effect on soil microorganisms.” J. Anim. Plant Sci 20 : 99-102. www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/20-2-2010/Gilani-et-al.pdf
Summary:
Gilani et al. (2010) examine the degradation of chlorpyrifos using randomly collected soil samples that are treated with different amounts of chlorpyrifos. Upon analysis of the samples using GC after one year, the results indicate that there is no significant degradation. The inference would be useful in the discussion part of my research proposal in determining whether 14 years would be a reasonable amount of time for chlorpyrifos to make an impact on the soil.
- Topic: Impact of chlorpyrifos on soil pH
Research question: How does the pH affect the dissipation of chlorpyrifos?
Reference:
Singh, Brajesh K., Allan Walker, J. Alun W. Morgan, and Denis J. Wright. 2003. “Effects of soil pH on the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and isolation of a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, no. 9 : 5198-5206. https://aem.asm.org/content/69/9/5198.short
Summary
Singh et al. (2003) study the role of soil microorganisms in the dissipation of chlorpyrifos under varying pH. The results indicate that chlorpyrifos increasingly degrades with a rise in the pH for 90 days. The source will be useful in the methodology part of research, especially when setting the experiments..
