Lynch Law in America (ANSWERED)

QUESTION

Historical Context: in 150-200 words, please analyze the following sets of contextual questions given the materials covered so far in the course:
- When and where was it written?
- What events were occurring at the time?
- How might this source relate to other assigned readings from a similar historical context?
Message: in 200-250 words, please identify and explain main idea(s)/argument(s)/theme(s) of the work by analyzing the following sets of questions:
- Why did the author write this text?
- Who is likely the intended audience, and what are they trying to convince them of?
- Simply put, what’s the point?

Case Study

Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, “Lynch Law in America,” The Arena 23 (January 1900), 15-24.

Accessed online on 08/14/20 http://www.americanyawp.com/reader/18-industrial-america/ida-b-wells-barnett-lynch-law-in-america-1900/

Lynch Law in America: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, 1900

Ida B. Wells-Barnett, born enslaved in Mississippi, was a pioneering activist and journalist. She did much to expose the epidemic of lynching in the United States and her writing and research exploded many of the justifications—particularly the rape of white women by black men—commonly offered to justify the practice.

Our country’s national crime is lynching. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. It represents the cool, calculating deliberation of intelligent people who openly avow that there is an “unwritten law” that justifies them in putting human beings to death without complaint under oath, without trial by jury, without opportunity to make defense, and without right of appeal. …

… During the last ten years a new statute has been added to the “unwritten law.” This statute proclaims that for certain crimes or alleged crimes no negro shall be allowed a trial; that no white woman shall be compelled to charge an assault under oath or to submit any such charge to the investigation of a court of law. The result is that many men have been put to death whose innocence was afterward established; and to-day, under this reign of the “unwritten law,” no colored man, no matter what his reputation, is safe from lynching if a white woman, no matter what her standing or motive, cares to charge him with insult or assault.

It is considered a sufficient excuse and reasonable justification to put a prisoner to death under this “unwritten law” for the frequently repeated charge that these lynching horrors are necessary to prevent crimes against women. The sentiment of the country has been appealed to, in describing the isolated condition of white families in thickly populated negro districts; and the charge is made that these homes are in as great danger as if they were surrounded by wild beasts. And the world has accepted this theory without let or hindrance. … No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; … no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyes–if a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. The world looks on and says it is well.

Not only are two hundred men and women put to death annually, on the average, in this country by mobs, but these lives are taken with the greatest publicity. In many instances the leading citizens aid and abet by their presence when they do not participate, and the leading journals inflame the public mind to the lynching point with scare-head articles and offers of rewards. Whenever a burning is advertised to take place, the railroads run excursions, photographs are taken, and the same jubilee is indulged in that characterized the public hangings of one hundred years ago. There is, however, this difference: in those old days the multitude that stood by was permitted only to guy or jeer. The nineteenth century lynching mob cuts off ears, toes, and fingers, strips off flesh, and distributes portions of the body as souvenirs among the crowd. If the leaders of the mob are so minded, coal-oil is poured over the body and the victim is then roasted to death. This has been done in Texarkana and Paris, Tex., in Bardswell, Ky., and in Newman, Ga. In Paris the officers of the law delivered the prisoner to the mob. The mayor gave the school children a holiday and the railroads ran excursion trains so that the people might see a human being burned to death. In Texarkana, the year before, men and boys amused themselves by cutting off strips of flesh and thrusting knives into their helpless victim. At Newman, Ga., of the present year, the mob tried every conceivable torture to compel the victim to cry out and confess, before they set fire to the faggots that burned him. But their trouble was all in vain–he never uttered a cry, and they could not make him confess.

This condition of affairs were brutal enough and horrible enough if it were true that lynchings occurred only because of the commission of crimes against women–as is constantly declared by ministers, editors, lawyers, teachers, statesmen, and even by women themselves. … [T]hey publish at every possible opportunity this excuse for lynching, hoping thereby not only to palliate their own crime but at the same time to prove the negro a moral monster and unworthy of the respect and sympathy of the civilized world. But this alleged reason adds to the deliberate injustice of the mob’s work. Instead of lynchings being caused by assaults upon women, the statistics show that not one-third of the victims of lynchings are even charged with such crimes. … Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. The negro has been too long associated with the white man not to have copied his vices as well as his virtues. But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the effort to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. The negro has suffered far more from the commission of this crime against the women of his race by white men than the white race has ever suffered through his crimes. Very scant notice is taken of the matter when this is the condition of affairs. What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the negro woman is the accusing party.

ANSWER

Lynch Law in America: Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Part 1

The lynch law arose from a self-constituted court that imposed a sentence on a person without following the due process of the law. Between 1736 and 1796, Charles Lynch, a planter and politician, formed and headed an irregular Virginia court that punished loyalists. Therefore, the “lynch law” was derived from Charles’s last name. According to Wells (1900), the “unwritten law” found its way first when a man she described as rough, rugged, and determined left eastern states’ civilized centers in pursuit of quick returns in the gold fields in the far West. The daring man would then face slight isolation as they sought their fortune.

Due to the lack of protection from a court of civil law, resolving conflicts took a different turn as those found guilty were hanged to the tree the court convened. Judge Lynch, as they called him, made the charge, trampled on the will of the jurors and directed the execution (Matthews, 1904). Wells-Barnett (1900) states that the case ended with the prisoner dead. During these times, there was extreme racism from white southerners projected at the negroes of the South. Therefore, the lynch law had control in the West until civilization reached these areas and the orderly law processes took over. Wells-Barnett’s article relates to other assigned readings because of the advocacy tone and the overall discussion on how the law operated, the injustice surrounding it, how it spread in the southern states, and how it ended.

Part 2

Ida Wells-Barnett wrote the article “Lynch Law in America” to shed light on how the deep-rooted racism in the South was leading to unjust and uncivilized means of solving cases. She deems the lynching a national crime to humanity and unspeakable brutality to the negroes. Therefore, she wrote to raise public awareness about white racism, particularly lynching.

Ida Wells-Barnett (1900) wrote to the government, especially the justice system, to expose how rape was used to justify the brutal violence directed at black people of the South. She used an editorial campaign that targeted the authorities as well as the public, who were expected to know what was going on in the South. Her writings swayed the public, leading to an interest in the lynching problem. Although her text is awareness-raising, it seems that the justice system is the likely audience as she wants them to apply the due process of the law other than the ‘unwritten law.’

The point is people were dying in the South, particularly black people and not enough was being done to save the lives of innocent lives. Furthermore, the justification that they were guilty, even without due process, was pure hatred for the Negro. The idea that black men were preying on white women without proof, only to lean on the side of their women to say that their honor needs to be preserved, was unjust.

References

Matthews, A. (1904). The Term Lynch Law. Modern Philology, 2(2), 173-195. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/386635

Wells-Barnett, I. B. (1900). Lynch Law in America. The Arena, 23(1), 15-24. https://hierographics.tripod.com/IdaBWells-Barnett/Ida_B_Wells-Barnett_Lynch_Law_in_America–1900.pdf